X Ray Definition and Properties (X Radiation)

X-rays or x-radiation are part of the electromagnetic spectrum with shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) than visible light. X-radiation wavelength ranges from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, or frequencies from  3Ãâ€"1016  Hz to 3Ãâ€"1019  Hz. This puts the x-ray wavelength between ultraviolet light and gamma rays. The distinction between x-ray and gamma rays may be based on wavelength or on radiation source. Sometimes x-radiation is considered to be radiation emitted by electrons, while gamma radiation is emitted by the atomic nucleus. German scientist Wilhelm Rà ¶ntgen was the first to study x-rays (1895), although he was not the first person to observe them. X-rays had been observed emanating from Crookes tubes, which were invented circa 1875. Rà ¶ntgen called the light X-radiation to indicate it was a previously unknown type. Sometimes the radiation is called  Rà ¶ntgen or Roentgen radiation, after the scientist. Accepted spellings include x rays, x-rays, xrays, and X rays (and radiation). The term x-ray is also used to refer to a radiographic image formed using x-radiation and to the method used to produce the image. Hard and Soft X-Rays X-rays range in energy from 100 eV to 100 keV (below 0.2–0.1  nm wavelength). Hard x-rays are those with photon energies greater than 5-10 keV.  Soft x-rays are those with lower energy. The wavelength of hard x-rays is comparable to the diameter of an atom. Hard x-rays have sufficient energy to penetrate matter, while soft x-rays are absorbed in air or penetrate water to a depth of about 1 micrometer. Sources of X-Rays X-rays may be emitted whenever sufficiently energetic charged particles strike matter. Accelerated electrons are used to produce x-radiation in an x-ray tube, which is a vacuum tube with a hot cathode and a metal target. Protons or other positive ions may also be used. For example, proton-induced x-ray emission is an analytical technique. Natural sources of x-radiation include radon gas, other radioisotopes, lightning, and cosmic rays. How X-Radiation Interacts With Matter The three ways x-rays interact with matter are Compton scattering, Rayleigh scattering, and photoabsorption. Compton scattering is the primary interaction involving high energy hard x-rays, while photoabsorption is the dominant interaction with soft x-rays and lower energy hard x-rays. Any x-ray has sufficient energy to overcome the binding energy between atoms in molecules, so the effect depends on the elemental composition of matter and not its chemical properties. Uses of X-Rays Most people are familiar with x-rays because of their use in medical imaging, but there are many other applications of the radiation: In diagnostic medicine, x-rays are used to view bone structures. Hard x-radiation is used to minimize absorption of low energy x-rays. A filter is placed over the x-ray tube to prevent transmission of the lower energy radiation. The high atomic mass of calcium atoms in teeth and bones absorbs x-radiation, allowing most of the other radiation to pass through the body. Computer tomography (CT scans), fluoroscopy, and radiotherapy are other x-radiation diagnostic techniques. X-rays may also be used for therapeutic techniques, such as cancer treatments. X-rays are used for crystallography, astronomy, microscopy, industrial radiography, airport security, spectroscopy, fluorescence, and to implode fission devices. X-rays may be used to create art and also to analyze paintings. Banned uses include x-ray hair removal and shoe-fitting fluoroscopes, which were both popular in the 1920s. Risks Associated with X-Radiation X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation, able to break chemical bonds and ionize atoms. When x-rays were first discovered, people suffered radiation burns and hair loss. There were even reports of deaths. While radiation sickness is largely a thing of the past, medical x-rays are a significant source of man-made radiation exposure, accounting for about half the total radiation exposure from all sources in the U.S. in 2006. There is disagreement about the dose that presents a hazard, partially because risk depends on multiple factors. It is clear x-radiation is capable of causing genetic damage that can lead to cancer and developmental problems. The highest risk is to a fetus or child. Seeing X-Rays While x-rays are outside the visible spectrum, its possible to see the glow of ionized air molecules around an intense x-ray beam. Its also possible to see x-rays if a strong source is viewed by a dark-adapted eye. The mechanism for this phenomenon remains unexplained (and the experiment is too dangerous to perform). Early researchers reported seeing a blue-gray glow that seemed to come from within the eye. Source Medical Radiation Exposure of the U.S. Population Greatly Increased Since the Early 1980s, Science Daily, March 5, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2017.

Social Medi A New Diverse Culture Of Communication

Social media has created a new, diverse culture of communication. The internet has expanded tremendously and social media has grown to 2.206 Billion active users. Social Media allows society to manipulate how friends, colleagues, and acquaintances perceive their identity. Identity can be defined as characteristics relating to who they are. In 2015 young, older adults, and teens are inclined to find their identity through social media outlets like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, Youtube, and more. An internet persona is a social identity that internet users develop in online communities,websites, and social media websites. This identity may be constructed by oneself in order to present themselves in a different manner. Websites like Youtube constantly have anonymous users. Social media sites like Facebook and Instagram typically have your name and a comprehensive list of data about you. Online identity can determine a user’s relationship to social groups they support. Moreover, some identities can be deceptive. In 2002 Friendster was the first social networking site where people could communicate, post photos, and share content. Currently, there are almost 600 social media sites. In some ways social media can be positive by assisting in connecting with old friends. In 2015, the majority of the world has invested so much time into social media it is hard to believe at some point it didn’t exist. Technology and social media has expanded and Facebook continues to beShow MoreRelatedCorrelation Between Mass Media And Digital Media Essay1890 Words   |  8 PagesConvergence is a term used by various disciplines to ‘describe and analyse processes of change toward uniformity or union’ (p. 1) as said by Latzer (2013). In relation to mass communication, media convergence incorporates insights and methods to describe, characterises and understanding of digital media (Latzer, 2013). Convergence adequately describes the relationship between mass media and digital media. Mass media refers to ability to communicate openly and internationally to many receivers withinRead MoreEmanuel Medical Center Situational Decision Analysis47698 Words   |  191 PagesSTATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT ALBANY Emanuel Medical Center Situational Decision Analysis James T. Onisk 4/29/2012 Table of Contents Situational Analysis Appendices External Analysis Appendix A: S.W.O.T. Analysis Appendix B: External Trend/Issue Analysis Appendix C: Environmental Trends/Issues Plot Appendix D: Stakeholder Map Appendix E: Service Area Profile Appendix F: Service Area Structural Analysis Appendix G: Service Area Competitor Analysis Appendix H: Critical Success Factor AnalysisRead MoreThe Impact of Electronic Media on Performance of Students11847 Words   |  48 Pages Surveillance of the Environment (the news function). ii. Correlation of the different parts of the Enviroment (the editorial function). iii. Transmission of the cultural heritage from one generation to the other (the cultural transmission function). The focus of the researcher in this study is not only on the entertainment function of the media, but the role the entertainment media especially television, mobile phone and computer plays in shaping social behaviour among school student and in theRead MoreIntroduction of Sahara India Pariwar16656 Words   |  67 Pagesin the northern state of Uttar Pradesh as a small deposits Para-banking business. Today, the group has diversified into a giant business conglomerate with interests in housing, entertainment, media and aviation. Sahara Group is in entertainment and news television channels, a newspaper, and claims to own some 33,000 acres of real estate across India. It also sponsors the Indian cricket and hockey teams and intends to move into life insurance, housing finance, consumer products, sportswear, and healthcareRead MoreInformation and Communication Technology as Bedrock of the Nation13285 Words   |  54 Pagesinfrastructural services such as information and communications technology (ICT), space exploration and biotechnology. Three major technologies will dominate, at least, the first half of this century. These are:(i) (ii) (iii) Information and Communications Technology; Biotechnology; and Bio-resources Research and Development. This policy recognizes the tremendous challenges and opportunities offered Nigerians by these three. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is the bedrock for nationalRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesDrug Administration Subtitle D—Community Living Assistance Services and Supports Subtitle E—Miscellaneous DIVISION D—INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT TITLE I—AMENDMENTS TO INDIAN LAWS TITLE II—IMPROVEMENT OF INDIAN HEALTH CARE PROVIDED UNDER THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT 2 DIVISION A—AFFORDABLE HEALTH CARE CHOICES 3 SEC. 100. PURPOSE; TABLE OF CONTENTS OF DIVISION; 1 4 GENERAL DEFINITIONS. rmajette on DSK29S0YB1PROD with BILLS 5 (a) PURPOSE.— 6 (1) IN 7 GENERAL

Angelina Jolie Biography Free Essays

Angelina Jolie Biography Angelina Jolie, born Angelina Jolie Voight on June 4, 1975, in Los Angeles, California, is an American actress famous for her tattoos and her acting ability. Jolie, which in French means pretty, was born to an Academy Award-winning actor, Jon Voight and Marcheline Bertrand with only one brother named James Haven. Just like any other children at her age, she also had a favorite cartoon character that she liked very much, which was the flying elephant Disney character â€Å"Dumbo. We will write a custom essay sample on Angelina Jolie Biography or any similar topic only for you Order Now † She said that she cried when he was able to fly. Meanwhile, unlike her friends in general, little Jolie had had her own â€Å"different† childhood dream, which was to be a funeral director. Hence, it’s not surprising that she has an interest in mortuary science and that she also has lots of â€Å"weird collections,† including her many tattoos and knives collection. Since her age of 11, Jolie attended the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute before then at her 14 years age started modelling. Later on she was majored in film at New York University after she graduated from Beverly Hills High School at age 16. In the year of 1999, she starred in the film â€Å"Girl, Interrupted,† which was both starred and produced by Winona Ryder, as Lisa Rowe, for which she received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Besides, she has also starred in five different movies, all of which directed by her brother James Haven, with whom she’s extremely close to and protective of. Their close relationship has, in many times, provoked public rumours that the two had an incest love affair (2000), but Jolie denied the issue and stated the speculation was absolutely false. That being so the show must go on. Despite all the media coverage on her relationship with her brother, Jolie has the letter â€Å"H† tattooed on the inside of her left wrist which is, for her, is a reference to two people she is close to who have this letter in their names: her brother James Haven, and Timothy Hutton. However, she says the H tattoo stands only for James for she has already broken up with Hutton. Any other tattoos she has in her body include the Japanese sign for death, two pointy black American Indian symbols, a dragon, and a large black cross. The same holds true for her movie career big deal. Jolie, who is able to speak French, is known for her action in some famous movies. Some of her success movies are the â€Å"Bone Collector† (1999) and a 2000 action film â€Å"Gone in Sixty Seconds† which concerns a former car thief being forced to return to his former trade and steal 50 cars in only one night for a crime boss who is threatening to kill his brother. Mainly, Jolie is best known for her acting in a film based on the popular â€Å"Tomb Rider† (2001) video game series featuring her as its main character, Lara Croft. Then in 2003, she gained more success through the second film based on the same video game series entitled â€Å"Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life†. Besides being an actress, she also worked as a professional model in London, New York and Los Angeles. Having Madonna, Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, The Clash and Matchbox 20 as her favourite music, Jolie has appeared in numerous music videos, including those of Meat Loaf, Lenny Kravitz and The Rolling Stones. Not only Jolie is a beautiful and attractive woman, but this respected actress, who has 3 Golden Globes in her hand, is also known for her humanitarian endeavours. She once published â€Å"Notes from My Travels† (2003), a collection of journal entries chronicling her early work with U. N. after she actively been a Goodwill Ambassador for its High Commission for Refugees since 2001 that made her frequently traveling to far-flung countries to draw attention to the unfortunate people in Third World nations. Unfortunately, Jolie’s success as an actress and U. N. representative doesn’t work in balance with her marriage as all her two marriages end in divorce. On March 28, 1996, she married British actor Jonny Lee Miller whom she co-starred with in the movie â€Å"Hackers† and for whom she attended her wedding in black leather trousers and a white shirt with his name painted in her blood on the back. Sadly, the marriage wasn’t last long as they were divorced on February 3, 1999. After that she married to the American actor Billy Bob Thornton on May 5, 2000, with whom she adopted a son from Cambodia, Maddox Chivan Thornton Jolie, born on August 5, 2001. On May 27, 2003, both of them had legally separated with Jolie won Maddox custody. In early 2005, along with public shock on the issue of her becoming one cause of Brad Pitt and Jennifer Aniston’s â€Å"eternal marriage† end, Angelina Jolie denied public rumours she’s dating Colin Farrell, citing the many similarities they have made them wanted to save their â€Å"mutual attraction† best for last. Still in the same year, it has later been revealed that all the tidings concerning this matter were true as Pitt’s publicist openly stated by early January 2006 that the actor and Jolie were expecting a child together to at the end welcome the new addition to their family, a girl named Shiloh Nouvel Jolie-Pitt, on the night of May 27, 2006 in Namibia, Africa. Two girls with only one boy, the actress adds a son into her and Pitt’s clan to make the family whole adopted a Vietnam orphan Pax Thien from the Tam Binh orphanage outside Ho Chi Minh City in March 2007. Back to her acting career, Jolie sure encountered no difficulties in continuing her path on the upper rank of show business as offers of roles kept coming heavily for her, like those for â€Å"Beyond Borders† (2003), â€Å"Taking Lives† (2004), and â€Å"Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow† (2004). Though slightly stumbled in the critically panned â€Å"Alexander† (2004), she wonderfully managed to bounce back in her next vehicle, the adventurous â€Å"Mr and Mrs Smith† (2005), when the Fox production scored a fantastic domestic gross of over $186 million in its run. Next seen in â€Å"The Good Shepherd† (2006) then â€Å"A Mighty Heart† (2007), she kept piling up stints into her resume, signing on as the star of â€Å"The Changeling†, â€Å"Wanted†, and â€Å"Atlas Shrugged,† all slated to come up in 2008 while providing the voice of Grendel’s mother in â€Å"Beowulf† (2007) and Tigress in â€Å"Kung Fu Panda† (2008). Website: http://www. aceshowbiz. com/celebrity/angelina_jolie/biography. html Words: 995 How to cite Angelina Jolie Biography, Essay examples

Zero Carbon Design Technology Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Zero Carbon Design Technology. Answer: Introduction: The report aims to analyse the various aspects of Zero/low-carbon design technology. This technology focuses on the transformation of the energy, agriculture, industry and forestry systems to reduce the rising of carbon emissions. The pressing challenge of climate change is addressed through such technologies and paves the way for achieving net zero carbon emission society. The report discusses the usage of low carbon materials in construction of zero carbon buildings, innovative construction methods and method of management of energy consumption. The design opts for renewable energy resources and reusing as well as recycling of greenhouse gases. Zero/low-carbon design technology low carbon construction materials: low carbon building products has been used in innovative constructions. These are mainly recycled materials and by products. Low-carbon bricks: this material has been implemented in mass production since 2009. Fly ash helps in reduction of embodied carbon that cane be found in normal bricks. it is fine glass powder consisted of silica, alumina and iron. Fly ash is a by-product of burnt coal from electricity production and is usually disposed after separation from flue gas (Allwood et al. 2012) Green concrete: The raw materials that are used to form the conventional concrete are substituted with the recycled materials and by-products of industrial. granulated blast-furnace slag and fly ash can substitute carbon intensive cement. Washed copper slag can substitute sand and granite can be substituted by recycled granite. Green tiles: this is a ceramic material made of minerals and recycled glass. This product transforms the waste glass to tiles that are used in building floors and cladding. Recycled metals: the process of producing metal products is very carbon intensive. This life cycle procedures of metal outcome can reduce energy consumptions (Williams et al. 2012). Repeated recycling of metals does not hamper the properties of the metals. Beside this the metals can be re-melted and new products can be formed by re-moulding. For example, shipping containers can be reused in building construction. Innovative construction process: In introducing energy efficiency improvement in constructing buildings, it involves in forming the idea that the carbon emission through the supply chain can form a larger proportion of that building's lifetime footprint (Cabeza et al. 2013) There are some methods such as- Reduction of material quantity used Selection of materials, which are associated with low emissions factors for example recycled materials Selection of material suppliers available near to the construction area Diversion of demolition wastes to recycling Management of carbon emission throughout the construction supply chains measuring the footprints of every product to identify the carbon intensive areas and focusing the efforts on reduction carbon emission. building a carbon strategy as well as implementation plan (Verbong, Beemsterboer and Sengers 2013). introducing plan for sustainability throughout the life of the building. Management of operative energy consumption and consumption behaviour: In zero carbon design of a building, the energy consumption is reduced through building construction strategies. The sustainable designing of building construction includes- air tightness replacement and upgradation of window that help in high level of insulation maximisation of natural ventilation by using openable windows that will both reduce overheating and increase ventilation. Use of solar shading and controlled glazing to reduce solar gains Reduction of artificial lighting. Energy efficiency can be increased by using energy efficient lighting, underfloor heating, creating management system to monitor lighting, heating, cooling and ventilation. The renewable energy generation can help in management of operative energy consumption (De Jong et al. 2015). The zero carbon design technology aims to produce same quantity of energy that is consumed. It can be applied in all new as well as existing buildings. It can be also applied on the buildings those have limited on-site renewable energy capacity like the buildings having dense urban setting. Thus the design offers net zero energy property and eliminates energy bills. Concerns of increasing energy wastes and carbon emission reduction are fast growing among the consumers therefore, the developers are also taking interest in building such constructions (Shafiei and Salim 2014). The prices of zero energy model homes are marginally higher than its normal counterparts but its energy saving concept has created the platform for a fast growing market. Choice of renewable energy systems: Many institutions and companies are viewing green electricity or powers from renewable energy sources the best way to reduce atmospheric impacts of their activities. It is a complex issue to determine that which renewable energy resource will be more beneficial on climate change, which includes political as well as environmental aspects (Budzianowski 2012). Low carbon power is a technology or process that produces power with emitting lesser amounts of carbon dioxide than that of conventional fossil fuel power generation. The zero or low carbon design technology includes such assolar power,wind power,hydropowerandnuclear power as low carbon power generation sources. . It also includes fuel preparation and decommissioning. The design excludes fossil fuel plant sources but describes a particular subset of operating conventional power systems, which are successfully coupled with aflue gascarbon capture and storagesystem. Recycle and reuse: The petrochemical sector and chemical sector are the largest energy user. They are accountable for 10% of total energy demand and 7% greenhouse gas emission. 95%v manufactured products depend on chemical and petrochemical industry (Tavoni et al. 2012). The chemical technologies as well as products are used in energy saving appliances therefore these industries also have important role in saving greenhouse gas or carbon emission. These are used in insulation, lighter materials of automobiles, efficient lighting and advanced products for renewable technologies (Aresta 2013). The scientists therefore are currently working on identifying the methods of scaling up carbon reductions in the chemical industries and increase the reuse on greenhouse gases. The technologies chiefly focus on carbon dioxide conversion. To the researchers, CO2 reduction has posed a great challenge because of its molecular inertness. The usage of Nano needles helps to attract CO2 and speeds up reduction of carbon mono oxide (Leung, Caramanna and Maroto-Valer 2014). The low or zero carbon technology offers a considerable way to produce renewable as well as carbon neutral fuels by recycling CO2 to Dimethyl Ether and Methanol. Conclusion: Therefore, form the above analysis it can be deducted that the low and zero carbon design technology addresses both the problems of mounting energy need as well as solving energy challenges. The technology opens up possibilities of storing the alternative energies and increased usage of renewable energies such as wind and solar energies instead of conventional fossil fuel power generation. References: Allwood, J.M., Cullen, J.M., Carruth, M.A., Cooper, D.R., McBrien, M., Milford, R.L., Moynihan, M.C. and Patel, A.C., 2012.Sustainable materials: with both eyes open(p. 384). Cambridge: UIT Cambridge. Aresta, M. ed., 2013.Carbon dioxide recovery and utilization. Springer Science Business Media. Budzianowski, W.M., 2012. Negative carbon intensity of renewable energy technologies involving biomass or carbon dioxide as inputs.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,16(9), pp.6507-6521. Cabeza, L.F., Barreneche, C., Mir, L., Morera, J.M., Bartol, E. and Fernndez, A.I., 2013. Low carbon and low embodied energy materials in buildings: A review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,23, pp.536-542. De Jong, M., Joss, S., Schraven, D., Zhan, C. and Weijnen, M., 2015. Sustainablesmartresilientlow carbonecoknowledge cities; making sense of a multitude of concepts promoting sustainable urbanization.Journal of Cleaner production,109, pp.25-38. Leung, D.Y., Caramanna, G. and Maroto-Valer, M.M., 2014. An overview of current status of carbon dioxide capture and storage technologies.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,39, pp.426-443. Shafiei, S. and Salim, R.A., 2014. Non-renewable and renewable energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in OECD countries: a comparative analysis.Energy Policy,66, pp.547-556. Tavoni, M., De Cian, E., Luderer, G., Steckel, J.C. and Waisman, H., 2012. The value of technology and of its evolution towards a low carbon economy.Climatic Change,114(1), pp.39-57. Verbong, G.P., Beemsterboer, S. and Sengers, F., 2013. Smart grids or smart users? Involving users in developing a low carbon electricity economy.Energy Policy,52, pp.117-125. Williams, J.H., DeBenedictis, A., Ghanadan, R., Mahone, A., Moore, J., Morrow, W.R., Price, S. and Torn, M.S., 2012. The technology path to deep greenhouse gas emissions cuts by 2050: the pivotal role of electricity.science,335(6064), pp.53-59.