Hypnosis Method Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Entrancing Method - Research Paper Example The strategy area of the test has been very much portrayed so as to allow different specialists to rehash the investigation or analysis. The technique section should utilize subheading to isolate different subsections. These subsections commonly comprises members, materials, structure, and method. The members were the understudies College. These members were ordered into numerous gatherings and occupied with a test for a timespan of about fourteen days. A few meetings were directed. Around 16 gatherings were held, every one comprising of around 15 understudies. The materials incorporate a rundown of polls or structures which were practiced for the point of our investigation. The materials required are worried to gauge hypnotisability {accomplished immediately after mesmerizing induction]. The trancelike capacity was assessed with the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Form. They are recorded alongside the references. The section An of the structure contains the arrangement of bio information alongside certain inquiries identified with clinical foundation, for example, psychotropic medicine, consideration issues previously, visual weakness, head injury, saw any entrancing, alluded any book in regards to somebody who was mesmerized, knowing anyone who was spellbound and have you at any point mesmerized yourselves. After this the understudy is approached to take a gander at an objective and record the things that occurred while he was taking a gander at the objective. In the following stage the understudy is approached to record what he recall right now which he couldn’t recollect beforehand. In the subsequent stage the understudy is given a poll containing three pages that incorporate 12 exceptional proposals which were regulated to him during the normalized technique of hypnosis.â

Criminal Investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Criminal Investigation - Essay Example Also, items can point toward the fire since objects liquefy toward the fire. 2. Wellspring of the fire. This hint typically demonstrated by a territory with the most exceedingly awful harm since the fire consumes for a more extended time at the beginning. Auxiliary harm can likewise assist with recognizing the cause of the fire as structures will in general breakdown from the most debilitated part because of longer consuming (Russell 2009). As per Fire examinations (2013), the most unequivocal proof on account of pyromania is the nearness of accelerants, which act to mess with the fire triangle, a wellspring of fuel, oxygen, and warmth. The nearness of accelerants shows that the fire was not unexpected but rather a demonstration of pyro-crime. Where there is proof as to evaluate of the spot, for example, devices utilized for constrained passage, just as witnesses where their declarations are additionally basic since they bolster the conviction of illegal conflagration. Proof with respect to the substance of the structure preceding the fire is likewise crucial as it can demonstrate rationale in the fire. Intention for this situation may result from development of products out of the structure preceding the fire for protection extortion or lighting the fire to hide a past

Underground

Underground Full disclosure:  Regarding the tagline: I have no idea how to write an ode. To be totally honest, Im not even really sure what an ode is. I googled how to write an ode but then got distracted by one of my 39 tabs open in Chrome (which is apparently the threshold at which the symbols on the tabs disappear and you have no idea where you are clicking anymore), so now in an effort to get this post up, Im just going to wing it. Sorry guys. Hope you didnt have your heart set on a real, live, poetic ode. As a freshman, I would, on occasion, hear people talking about the MIT Tunnels. Back then, it was tunnels with a capital T because to my uninformed self, they seemed foreign and special and important. I was under the impression that they were tunnels in the most adventurous sense of the word: cavernous cement cylinders wreathed in shadows and coated in a moldy film of dampness, perfect for piercing flashlight beams and a spirit of discovery. Or maybe one of those side-of-the-mountain tunnels with walls of dirt, a carpet of moss, rocks, and spiders the size of your face. An old abandoned Boylston subway tunnel. What I was not expecting was a carbon copy of the infinite, just one floor down. The tunnels being totally and uninterestingly benign. No face-sized spiders in sight. Most of the staircases in the infinite (if not all, Im not sure) lead to the tunnels. Its the same tile, the same white walls, the same door-shaped doors. It wasnt even as excitingly labyrinthine as I thought it would be. There are convenient signs above the hallways at every crucial junction or fork in the road, plus tiny maps at the intersection of buildings with helpful you are here symbols. At least there are cool pipes on the ceiling. Im not complaining or anything. Just putting my own initial disillusionment out there for the sake of all you adventure-y dreamers out there. Unless you plan on going hacking, the tunnels are wholly normal. On the otherhand, disillusions aside, the tunnels are amazing from a practical standpoint. Heres why: 1. Protection from the elements If you remember my last blog post (https://mitadmissions.org/blogs/entry/thirteen-things-to-do-over-iap-1-5), I spent the first half of IAP in sunny California where 50 degrees is freezing cold and we break out our winter coats. Unfortunately, despite being amazingly prepared to bask in the sunshine of the West Coast, I was rather less prepared for the return trip. I flew back in jeans, a T-shirt, my trusty sweatshirt, and a pair of Converse sneakers. The woman sitting next to me looked rather alarmed as I was preparing to deplane and inquired as to whether or not I had a winter coat to go over the rest of my wardrobe. I said no. We exchanged sad and knowing smiles. Then we parted ways. After taking the Silver and Red Line back to Kendall/MIT station, I noticed the ground covered in a blanket of soft, powdery snow. At first, I balked at the idea of walking all the way back to Maseeh with no snow boots, no coat, and no protection from the biting wind chill. But thankfully, I remembered the glory of the MIT tunnels and only had to run across the street and down half a block into building E25 which is right next to MIT Medical. From there, I descended into the tunnels and resurfaced in front of 77 Mass Ave at the other end of the infinite. Frost bite crisis averted. Its especially nice during the winter/blizzardy seasons to be able to walk indoors from dorm row to the Kendall T stop or any of the buildings on that side of campus. Ive used the tunnels quite a few times to avoid snowy weather, mostly because I still have yet to purchase water-proof boots, gloves, or generally appropriate winter clothing. I love, love, love the cold, but even I know its not healthy to dig snow tunnels or make snow angels with wet jeans, wet socks, and exposed extremities. 2. Theres stuff down there The tunnels are not just tunnels, in the strict transportation sense. Perhaps most useful is CopyTech, MITs student printing and copying service hub. I have come down here to get larger, color posters printed for event publicity and Ive been told that you can also use CopyTech to get papers bound such as for making a notebook, or maybe consolidating class notes. Upon further investigation (-cough- google), I have discovered that you can also go to CopyTech for design consultations, MIT business cards, and advertising in the infinite. Also, Costco membership cards on loan. +1 for free samples. Underneath the biological engineering building, there is also a store room in the basement that sells reagents, equipment, and other laboratory needs for the convenience of all the labs in the vicinity. Its where I got my very first laboratory notebook (it was forest green and oh so beautiful) so it holds a very special place in my heart. Furthermore, there are a lot of offices underground, as well as some labs and workspaces, including the room in which students can learn glassblowing over IAP. Ive also passed by the MIT biomimetic robotics lab that works on cheetah-inspired quadrupeds which I thought was pretty neat. 3. Avoiding crowds Even in non-wintery situations, the tunnels can be useful as an alternative path. Sometimes the infinite can get clogged with tourists or even with students during the five minutes right before the next round of classes starts. I have not personally used the tunnels for this purpose, but I imagine if there is ever a day where I dont have the patience to weave around little kids and camera flashes, Ill remember my good friend, the MIT tunnels. 4. Having fun Taking strolls through underground tunnels is always buckets of fun. Theres even a special part of the tunnels underneath building E18 that smells suspiciously of mice habitats. Hooray. But the best part of all? Katherine 17, Dora 18, and Joy 18 chairing (and screaming). Theres a lot of screaming.   And so, to the MIT tunnels: Dont let the fact that Ive demoted you to lower-case status change our wonderful, blossoming relationship.

Being a Hero - 1510 Words

Being a Hero Thesis: Despite his accomplishments and the glory associated with his life, Aeneas only achieves the status of hero through divine intervention, and this god-given position causes him just as much grief as it does splendor. What is a hero? We would like to think that a hero is someone who has achieved some fantastic goal or status, or maybe someone who has accomplished a great task. Heroes find themselves in situations of great pressure and act with nobility and grace. Though the main character of Virgils Aeneid, Aeneas, is such a person, it is not by his own doing. He encounters situations in which death is near, in which love, hate, peace, and war come together to cause both good and evil. In these positions he†¦show more content†¦She goes to lengths that many mothers would not. This is not quite enough, though; average mothers concern alone does not make Aeneas a hero. A divine mothers concern makes him a hero. Without her willingness for personal sacrifice, Aeneas would never survive through the Aeneid. Occasionally, as is the case with most mothers, Venus judgment of what is best for Aeneas contradicts what fate and the other gods have in store for him. During the Trojans time at Carthage, Juno and Venus both agree that a union between Dido and Aeneas is in order. They use the attraction that Aeneas and Dido already have for each other and use it to cause them to fall in love. The intensity of this love is enough to cause Dido to break her vow of fidelity to her dead husband and she neglects her responsibilities to the development of the city. Jupiter disapproves of this union, and sends Mercury to remind Aeneas of his responsibility to Rome: Approach the Dardan captain where he tarries Rapt in Tyrian Carthage, losing sight Of future towns the fates ordain. Correct him, Carry my speech to him on the running winds: Â… What has he in mind? What hope, to make him stay Amid a hostile race, and lose from view Ausonian progeny, Lavinian lands? The man should sail: that is the whole point. Aeneas is in love with Dido and would gladly stay with her, building up Carthage, but the gods know thatShow MoreRelatedEssay On Being A Hero957 Words   |  4 PagesA hero is not something that anyone can be. A hero stands for what is right in the world and fights agents what is wrong. They will always be there to stand up for those who cannot. The path that is taken to become a hero is not a path that can be taken by most. You cannot simply wake up and become a hero, you are born with it and raised to be one. They have to fight to fully become their full hero. The path to become a hero is a long and taxing task to be taken. A hero is someone who had a veryRead MoreBeing a Hero in The Histories of Herodotus Essay1662 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding, make a real hero. In his book, Herodotus talks about Xerxes, the king of the Persians who led the offense against the Greeks, and Leonidas, the king of the Spartans who fought with honor and bravery against the Persians. According to Herodotus, although Xerxes won the war with big advantage, Leonidas was the real hero of the story because he confronted the enemy with great passion, humility, strength, and bravery. The main conceptualization that Herodotus has about a hero is that it has toRead MoreGoing Out of Their Way for the Well-being of Another...That Is a Hero645 Words   |  3 PagesA hero is defined as a person, who is admired or idealized for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. What is your perception of a hero? Is it a â€Å"hero† from the movies, like spiderman or batman? The idea of heroism is widespread and many opinions arise from the concept. A hero is someone who goes out of their way for another’s well being. Calvin Coolidge, a writer, once said, â€Å"Heroism is not only in the man, but in the occasion.† (Brainy quote). For one to actually be a hero, oneRead MoreBeing A Hero Means To Be A Leader. To Be A Leader You Have1124 Words   |  5 PagesBeing a hero means to be a leader. To be a leader you have to have strength, courage, and commitment. In the 1960s there were many leaders fighting for what they believe is right of freedom a nd equality of all people. Major leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X they were involved with the Civil Rights Movement during the 60s. They were willing to fight until the end to make a change in society. Both men wanted to give the rights to all black people in America of living as an equalRead More Kosinskis Being There and the Existential Anti-Hero Essay example3188 Words   |  13 PagesKosinskis Being There and the Existential Anti-Hero      Ã‚   Critics have referred to Kosinskis Being There as his worst novel.   Perhaps, Kosinskis prosaic style is deceptive in its apparent simplicity (especially when contrasted with The Painted Bird).   What Kosinski seeks to do, as Welch D. Everman relates, is to stimulate the readers recreative and imaginative task by offering only the essentials...Kosinskis style draws the reader into the incident by refusing to allow him to remainRead MoreThe Hero With A Thousand Faces1540 Words   |  7 PagesCampbell â€Å"The Hero With A Thousand Faces† and The Movie â€Å"Alien† A hero is â€Å"a man (or occasionally a woman) of superhuman strength, courage, or ability, favored by the gods.† Based on this quote, found on â€Å"The Oxford English Dictionary Online,† one can assume that the hero would be a man based on the terms that are used. People often associate a man as being the almighty power in a situation. They are referred to as the hero. One does not often find a movie about superheroes with the hero being a womanRead MoreComparing Beowulf, The Wanderer, And The 13th Warrior1731 Words   |  7 PagesDeJames Mr. Neely 4-17-15 One common question in literature that always reappears is What is an epic hero? Or better yet an epic hero in Anglo Saxon culture. I believe there is more to being a hero than just being strong or intelligent. An epic hero in my eyes is oneself who comes to portray the beliefs of the society in which the tale/story is depicted. A few great examples of the Anglo Saxon epic hero are the literary characters in Beowulf, The Wanderer, and The 13th Warrior. These are all outstandingRead MoreEpic Hero : William Shakespeare s Hamlet1606 Words   |  7 PagesEpic Hero. â€Å"A brave and noble character in an epic poem, admired for great achievements or affected by grand events† (Dictionary). The traditional characteristics of an epic hero includes being born into nobility, being decisive, being an excellent warrior who is respected, and ultimately winning in the end. In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Hamlet fits the mold of an epic hero as he is born into nobility, but he breaks the mold of an epic hero as he never takes action against Claudius while in Othello,Read MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus The King1156 Words   |  5 Pages The topic I chose is the tragic hero topic. There exists a number of parameters that describe a tragic hero and thus it was my desire to get to understand these parameters. It was also my desire to be in position to give the difference between normal heroes and a tragic hero and give see the main dimensions of the two figures. I preferred to work with the book by Sophocles Oedipus, the king, in order to portray the attributes of a tragic hero. The book contains adequate information concerning theRead More Stanhope from Journeys End by RC Sheriff Essay684 Words   |  3 Pagesfor the accolade of â€Å"hero† in Journey’s End: R.C.Sherriff has included many themes in Journey’s End; a play portraying the reality of trench warfare. Some of these include Comradeship, The horrors of war, Heroism and Relationships. My essay will be focusing mainly on the theme of heroism. The audience relate the word â€Å"hero† with mainly one character in the play. But the word hero has many positive connotations. A hero could be a person who â€Å"saves the day† or is a hero in somebody else’s

Essay on Racial Profiling by Police is Wrong - 590 Words

Racial Profiling compromises the very fabric that America is built on. With Constitutional laws that protect us as American citizens from any mistreatment or discrimination, Racial Profiling is still being practiced , and it violates our human rights, and causes distrust in the very police officers that are in charge of keeping our communities safe, and disbelief in the Constitution that should afford all American citizens equal rights. In the 1990’s The American news media exploded with coverage of the problem of racial profiling. The allegations became so common that the Black community labeled the phenomenon â€Å" Driving while black or brown†. Empirical evidence confirm nation perception about racial profiling. To understand better the†¦show more content†¦Were drug sniffing dogs called to the scene? Did the Police Officer even ask to search the person’s car? The answers to these question were critical in understanding the complexities of racial profiling. According to the reports gathered: 77.2% of the minorities stopped resulted in a search. 10.5% of Whites resulted in arrest and seizure, while 13.5% blacks resulted in arrest and seizure. Minority Motorists were more likely to be involved in consent searches than no minority motorists 80% of consent searches involved minority motorists. (Ramirez, et al. 2006). After 9-11, things deteriorated drastically for Middle Easterners. They were labeled as terrorists, their houses and their places of worship were burned down, they were physically abused when out in public, Some were scrutinized heavily when traveling, or not even allowed to travel at all, they were detained illegally, deported, and some even had secret trials, (Hassan S. 2002) These are citizens of the United States, protected under our Constitution. A law was passed in 2002, allowing Police to arrest Mexicans suspected of being in the US illegally, during traffic stops. How does a person look like they are illegal? According to Melissa Crow, Gulf Coast policy attorney for the Los Angeles-based National Immigration Law Center, â€Å"Given the difficulty of determining immigration status, police officers often resort to using last names, accents, and physical appearance to determine whetherShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Racial Profiling1488 Words   |  6 PagesRacial profiling existed back in the 18th century when black slaves were abused and oppressed by white men even those who didn’t own slaves. Throughout history, racial profiling still continues to be a controversial issue today. It’s practiced everyday. Racial profiling means using an individual’s race or ethnicity against them of committing a crime. This means oppressing other races to feel inferior and accusing others to a certain stereotype. R acial profiling is when a black person in ripped jeansRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Racial Profiling1418 Words   |  6 Pagestopics is racial profiling. For centuries, America has looked down and discriminated minorities and it still continues today. It began when minorities started to immigrate to America in search of better lives. Most whites believed in white supremacy and thought minorities were aliens. The police use racial profiling mostly towards minority groups. Racial profiling is the use of race or a skin color to suspect someone of doing an offense. While some people think that racial profiling is beneficialRead MoreRacial Profiling Has Been A Big Thing1416 Words   |  6 Pages or depending on where you live, if you just walk outside you will know that in the past couple of year that racial profiling has been a big thing. I will be talking about the relationship between police officers and the community that they are sworn to protect. This isn t a new issue because you can go back many years and find many cases of supposedly police officers racially profiling people in its community. Many people have different ideas of how we should solve this issue because this issueRead MoreRacial Profiling902 Words   |  4 PagesRacial Profiling Racial Profiling is wrong, and stereotyping certain races as having a greater propensity to commit crimes should be prohibited. Ever since the terrorist attacks of September 11 there have been an increase in the willingness to condone law enforcement and security actions based primarily on the color of ones’ skin. Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, it has been the official policy of the United States government to stop, interrogate, and detain individuals without criminal chargesRead MoreNarrow Views On The United States939 Words   |  4 Pagesinhumane event, but also by America government official’s racial profiling citizens of all nationalities that set foot into America territory. As citizens of the United States, we are concerned about criminality undermining our society; drugs, terrorist attacks and violence are increasing in our communities. Although crime is a serious problem in our society, government resources are limited and we live under a terrorist threat. However, racial profiling is not the solution to reduce our social issues becauseRead MoreThe Community Of Jamaic A Middle Class Area1723 Words   |  7 Pagesgroups because if certain stigmatisms placed on heavily populated neighborhoods. Racial profiling is very much common in this vicinity of Jamaica. Racial profiling is a growing epidemic that has been a major problem for people of color. There are many people who are affected by it and have no way of defending themselves against the norms of society. According to the Merriam Webster online dictionary, racial profiling is the use of a generalized suspicion based on race rather than evidence specificRead MoreRacial Profiling And Its Impact On Society1209 Words   |  5 PagesCases of Racial Profiling There are tons of cases of Racial Profiling. Now a days many people are being targeted or attacked by racial profiling. Laws are being passed but not every police officer is following up with it. And because of this more and more people are becoming irritated with the government system. Just because a particular person from a particular race does something wrong, everyone from that race is being discriminated by so-called other races. Racial profiling is gettingRead MoreShould The Color Of One’S Skin Subject Them To A Higher1684 Words   |  7 Pagessides, some saying that this practice has helped catch many criminals and that people would not have to worry if they are not doing anything wrong. Others deny it all together and say that racial profiling simply does not exist and police officers are just trying to do their job. These arguments are both wrong. Not only does racial profiling exist, but it is wrong and only serves to create fear where there should be a sens e of safety. This gross practice still persists today throughout all levels ofRead MoreRacial Profiling Essay746 Words   |  3 PagesRacial Profiling By: Lakesha London Could you imagine if you were label as a terrorist because of what you wear, skin tone, what race you are or what countries you are from? But on the inside of you are just as scared as terrorist yourself. But for hundreds of years racial profiling have been going on, not because of when 911 occur. Being a person of color in America automatically put you a caterogy. In my essay I would talk about: racial profiling is a form of discrimination, who was the peopleRead MoreThe Problem With Racial Profiling1561 Words   |  7 Pagesjustice system with racial profiling. Racial profiling is defined as targeting or stopping an individual based on his or her race without suspicion of a crime. On one hand, we have people who are completely against racial profiling. On the other hand, some believe that there is no problem with racial profiling. I am very interested in finding out both sides of this argument. What are the rights and wrongs of racial profiling? I chose Jeffrey Toobin’s (20 13) blog post Rights and Wrongs† from Conde Nast

Anti-Gay Attitude in Schools Free Essays

The article I read was on anti-gay comments in Canadian schools. Two university professors of Manitoba conducted a national survey of both homosexual and heterosexual teens. Out of 3,700 students across Canada, hear insulting comments on a daily basis. We will write a custom essay sample on Anti-Gay Attitude in Schools or any similar topic only for you Order Now The survey found that seventy per cent of students heard phrases like â€Å"that’s so gay† and forty eight per cent heard derogatory terms like â€Å"faggot,† â€Å"lezbo† and â€Å"dyke† every day. The article recommends that school boards should apply gay-straight alliances such as the LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or queer) groups which are common in high school and a broad education as well as better teacher training. People who are insulted for being gay are simply harassed. Everyone has the right to life and security as guaranteed by our constitution. We have many bullies at school and comments such as those as I listed and are just another form of a put down and should not be allowed anywhere, including school. Students who do this are just ignorant and immature but adults who ignore it are the real problem. This relates to psychology because if you examine the percentage of people who get harassed in school; could have mental health issues in the future such as stress for being discriminated in schools, suffering from anxiety and depression, or addictive behaviour because of their sexual orientation. This could also lead to eating disorders, drug and alcohol abuse, and suicide. The likelihood of suicides happening are people who probably can’t cope with discrimination, isolation, and loneliness. In conclusion, the researchers said that there is a lot of ground to help push for an improved school climate which is true because high school is tough for everyone. And even after high school it doesn’t stop being tough. How to cite Anti-Gay Attitude in Schools, Papers

Why 66% of Change Initiatives Fail

Introduction Guiding organizational change initiatives prove to be a decisive test for most leaders. This is because it has been made apparent that no business is capable of surviving over long-term proviso it is incapable of reinvesting itself. However, the nature of human beings as what it appears to be makes elementary changes to be habitually opposed by those it most significantly affects. That is to say, those found in business trenches. Therefore, leading the change processes initiatives materialize to be both incredibly difficult and absolutely essential.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why 66% of Change Initiatives Fail specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Perhaps no one comprehends the organizational change anatomy better than Kotter (1996, p.3). In his book titled leading change, Kotter (1996, p.5) used various models to explain and highlight the critical success factors for change initiatives and the reaso ns why most change initiatives fail. Approximately 66% of them fail. Based on one of the proposed change theories named teleological theory, this paper intends to highlight the reasons why most key change initiatives are bound to fail. The essay draws on the key triumph factors for change ranging from the shifting culture, generating short-range wins to the institution of an amazing sense of exigency. Teleological Theory Despite fighting to meet the demands for the currently competitive markets, most corporate change initiative efforts appear to be very unsuccessful. In fact, it is estimated that sixty six percent of such transformation initiatives are utter failures. That is, whether the change initiatives are geared towards reversing corporate death spirals, improving culture or even boosting quality, they merely breed lukewarm outcomes. Most of them indeed fail miserably. Kotter has various reasons why this is the case. For instance, Kotter states that nearly all administrators h ardly recognize that revolution is not an incident bar a transformative progression. It progresses from one particular stage to another and it is duly built on one another. While literatures show that change initiatives are supposed to take years, managers are pressurized to step up the processes, thus they skip other stages. Thus, drawing on the teleological theory, it becomes much easier to discuss why the desired change initiatives fail. Under this theory, it is presumed that an organization is adaptive and purposeful. This means that change takes place because change agents, leaders as well as others observe the importance of change. The change process is both linear and rational, yet individual organizational managers are very instrumental to the change process. The theory asserts that the motivation and success of change initiative accrue due to internal organization decisions and features instead of the external environment (Kotter 1996, p.7). Derived from this fact, teleolog ical theory claims that there are numerous errors that organizations do make while executing change initiatives which ultimately results into failures.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to teleological theory, the following errors are attributable to the reasons why nearly 66% of most change initiatives fail. Non establishment of an immense sense of urgency Basically, various successful change initiative efforts instigate whenever groups or individuals begin to observe keenly the competitive situation of a corporation, the level of financial performance, technological trends and market position. The focal point is to ideally center on the waning tendencies in central business limits, prospective returns dive whenever essential copyrights terminate and the surfacing of fresh marketplaces that are being overlooked by all and sundry. The groups then communicate such inf o dramatically and broadly particularly when great opportunities or potential crisis seem to be very apt. Thus, this initial step is very crucial given that to get a change initiative program on track, much individual aggressive cooperation is required. In fact, any corporation that initiates change initiative program without necessarily motivating the parties concerned goes nowhere and is bound to fail (Stanley et al. 2005, p.429). Most corporations assume that the first step in implementing change initiative is easy. However, various corporations have considerably failed in this phase. The reasons for failure are that corporate executives tend to undervalue the difficulty involved in trying to compel individuals out of their respective comforting zones. Occasionally, corporate executives disgustingly overvalue the level of success they have achieved by increasing the level of urgency. For instance, they implement change initiative without being patient. Most often, corporate direc tors are paralyzed by shortcoming possibilities. Their main worries are that senior employees are likely to be defensive, short term business outcomes might be jeopardized, procedures may turn out of control and stocks may shrink (Tsoukas Chia 2002, p.568). The fear is that they may be blamed for any crises created. Since change demands leadership and requires a novel system, most change initiatives fail because the initial phase lacks enough hired leaders or leaders promoted to senior positions to oversee the implementation of the change initiatives. As a result, huge challenges are anticipated in cases where change champions are lacking. Whenever there is urgency for change initiatives, the change champions should facilitate frank discussions with both the internally and externally involved parties. It is undesirable to the executives to depend on outside unwanted info only. Nevertheless, there is the need to pump up the rate of urgency to ensure that change initiatives processes succeed to avoid putting the corporations’ long term prospects into jeopardy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why 66% of Change Initiatives Fail specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, literature reveals that the rate of urgency when implementing change initiatives is not high when approximately 75% of the corporations management are candidly certain that the usual business is unacceptable and change initiatives must be implemented. Anything that is below that may generate grave change initiative problems in the late phases of change initiative implementation (Feldman 2000, p.613). Stoppage to craft adequate influential steering alliance Habitually, key change initiative regeneration programs initiate with merely either two individuals or an individual. However, when a change initiative effort becomes successful, the coalitions in leadership tend to grow over time. Yet, failure to realize even minimum ma ss in the initial change initiative effort makes nothing valuable to take place. Studies show that key change initiatives become impractical without active support of the organizations heads. This implies that, either the executives or divisional general managers must form a coalition with at least five to fifty other people in order to jointly develop collective commitments that would ensure change renewal initiatives are excellently performed (Tsoukas Chia 2002, p.568). The coalition group must not necessarily incorporate all the executives given that not everybody accepts change in the first instance. Despite the fact the change initiative guiding coalition constitutes of non senior management members, they might operate external to the customary hierarchy by designation. While this may be perceived awkward, it is ideally essential. For instance, it is as a result of non performance of the existing hierarchy that the need for change arose. This necessitates that, for change init iatives to succeed, the current system must be reformed (Stanley et al. 2005, p.429). Nevertheless, reforms usually demand for formal protocols, expectations and boundary activities. Advanced administrative position exigency assists in putting the change programs steering partnership jointly. Failure to have an individual who can put such personalities together, create minimum communication and trust levels as well as aid them in the development of shared corporations opportunities and problems assessments, would definitely lead to change initiatives failure. Therefore, in as much as the change initiative leader may be dedicated or capable, any group that spearheads such an initiative without a powerful line leader may fail to realize the required power.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Vision deficiency Triumphant change programs always call for the steering partnership to build up an eventual portrait which is reasonably easier to plea and converse with the workforces, stakeholders and consumers. A change initiative vision must be beyond plans to be achieved in five years. In essence, the vision needs to highlight and elucidate on the direction that the corporation wants to take. Because the initial draft is made by an individual, it is usually blurry and the coalition needs to work on it overtime to produce something better (Feldman 2000, p.613). The coalition change initiative leaders ought to ensure strategies for accomplishing the visions are developed. Devoid of rational apparition, the transformation program hard work could simply soften into mismatched and perplexing development records which might take a firm nowhere or even in the incorrect course. Transformational change initiatives in various corporations are reported to considerably fail given that su ch organizations have change initiative directives and programs without visions as well as un-accomplishable plenty plans. Thus, teleological model puts it clear that, whether a corporation has a compelling and clear change initiative statement, the change can hardly be realized without a proper vision to offer guidance and direction. Vision under communication Irrespective of the pattern that the organizations heads use to communicate corporate vision, there are chances that very visible senior employees and executives could behave in unethical manner to negatively taint the vision. This is likely to make the communication belief amongst troops to go down while causing cynicism to go up. The resulting effect is that most change initiatives will fail because just a few individuals are willing to make short term sacrifices and offer help. Without plausible statement, the psyches and compassions of business workers or firm affiliates are hardly gotten. The strategy for communicating t he desired change initiatives should be convincing enough to make employees believe that change is essential to an extent that they would accept making short term sacrifices (Tsoukas Chia 2002, p.568). The fourth phase of initiating change program is quite challenging provided job losses are incorporated in the short-term sacrifices. To gain support and understanding of the change plans prove to be very tough when vision includes downsizing. Therefore, successful change visions normally incorporate the commitments to fairly treat lay-offs and new growth possibilities. Change initiatives fail where executives include and poorly communicate change program messages. Provided important individuals’ behaviours are contradictory with their wordings, the change initiatives will be undermined and consequently fail (Stanley et al. 2005, p.429). Failure to remove the new vision’s obstacles Triumphant change initiatives instigate by involving various individuals and groups as th e change procedures progress. Directorial affiliates are encouraged to grant headship, to build up original thoughts and attempt novel strategies. In case few people are involved, the outcomes would be unsatisfactory. On the other hand, employees often comprehend the new visions and aspire to accomplish them, but some change initiative leaders tend to block their paths. In such circumstances, change initiatives are bound to fail because the employees hardly belief that there is nonexistence of external obstacles. If the organizational structure creates an obstacle to change, it becomes difficult for change initiative leaders to get rid of each obstacle due to limited time, power and momentum. When the obstacles are individuals or groups, they must be fairly treated in a manner that is in line with the vision (Feldman 2000, p.613). Failure to maintain the change credibility while empowering others would thwart the change initiative efforts and the result would be failure to implement and realize the change initiatives. Non-systematic planning and creation of short term wins Change initiatives require short term goals to be met and accelerated in order to avoid losing momentum given that actual change necessitates a lot of time. Devoid of short term wins, various groups and individuals are likely to give up. Others would wish to take up the ranks of change resistors. Since most of them have different introduction to the change initiative process, unambiguous results might be generated. To avoid this, organizations must compel change leaders to generate short term wins. This is because when employees realize that key changes are long-term, they would drop the level of urgency. Failure to generate short term win might decelerate the levels of commitments and urgency, hence change initiative failure (Tsoukas Chia 2002, p.568). Finally, if organizations change initiative leaders declare victory too soon, it might be catastrophic to the company. The change initiativ es ought to be given time to sink into the culture of the corporation. When the urgency is minimal, ambiguity exists in the vision and power lacks in the coalition. Hence, celebrating premature victory may lead to a deceleration in the change initiative momentum or even some major drawbacks. The end result could be failure in change initiatives. References Feldman, M 2000, â€Å"Organizational routines as a source of continuous change†, Organization Science, vol.11 no.6, pp.611-629. Kotter, PJ 1996, â€Å"Leading change: Why transformational changes fail?† Harvard Business Review, vol.21 no.7471, pp.1-10. Stanley, DJ, Meyer, JP Topolnytsky, L 2005, â€Å"Employee cynicism and resistance to organizational change†, Journal of Business and Psychology, vol.19 no.2, pp.429-459. Tsoukas, H Chia, R 2002, â€Å"On organizational becoming: Rethinking organizational change†, Organization Science, vol. 13 no. 5, pp. 567-582. This essay on Why 66% of Change Initiatives Fail was written and submitted by user Abel Sandoval to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

RAMOS Surname Meaning and Origin

RAMOS Surname Meaning and Origin The exact derivation of the Ramos surname is in dispute, depending upon the familys origin (Portuguese, Cuban, Mexican, Brazilian, etc.) The most commonly accepted meanings are: Branches or offshoots, or an olive branch, from the plural of ramo, Latin ramus, meaning branch. It often referred to someone who lived in a thickly wooded area.Palms or palm branches, from Domingo dos Ramos, a Catholic feast day known as Sunday of the Palms or Palm Sunday.A habitational name for someone from one of many towns called Ramos, in Spain and Portugal. Ramos is the 20th most common Hispanic surname. Surname Origin:  Spanish, PortugueseAlternate Surname Spellings:  RAMOSE, RAMOSE, RAMIS, RAMO, RAMON Where Do People With the Ramos Surname Live? WorldNames PublicProfile places the majority of individuals with the Ramos surname in Spain, especially in the region of Islas Canarias, followed by Extremadura, Castilla Y Leon, and Andalucia. This data does not include all of the Spanish-speaking countries, however. Forebears, which does include additional data from other countries, has it ranked 14th in Peru, 23rd in Cuba, 25th in Spain, 30th in Mexico and 35th in Brazil. Famous People With the Surname RAMOS Rodolfo Ramos: Professional skateboarder X-games competitorFidel Ramos: 12th President of the PhilippinesSarah Ramos: American actress Genealogy Resources for the Surname RAMOS Ramos RootsPath - RAMOS Surname DNA Project: Join other Ramos males in sorting out the various Ramos ancestral lines through Y Chromosome DNA testing.Ramos Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Ramos surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Ramos query.FamilySearch - RAMOS Genealogy: Access over 3.3 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Ramos surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Resources and Further Reading Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia.  Bergenfield, NJ:  Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.Hoffman, William F. Polish Surnames: Origins and Meanings.  Chicago:  Polish Genealogical Society, 1993.Rymut, Kazimierz. Nazwiska Polakow.  Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich - Wydawnictwo, 1991.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Free sample - Congressional Checks On Presidential Authority. translation missing

Congressional Checks On Presidential Authority. Congressional Checks On Presidential AuthorityThis paper discusses the congressional checks on presidential authority and the reasons why the congress and the president’s conflict are inevitable. Members of the congress determine whether the president’s case for military action is given free pass or widely contested in national media. The beltway reactions carry over to the media reactions and for weak adherents, adjoining branches of federal government set a critical tone for subsequent reporting. Congress exerts influence over the public debates involving the presidential use of force. The devote extensive coverage to their legislative   initiatives ,hearings, floor debates and public pronouncements on planned presidential uses of force and these actions shapes the case put before the Americans people for sending troops abroad. Congress is hardly the only political institution s that the president must contend with when planning for a military action. The military, courts and international institutions can take measures to affect the decision making on the use of force and at times the influence they wield intersects with congressional war powers. Members of congress have sought injunctions that invoke the president’s power to oversee the military operations without formal congressional authorization and these decisions were overturned on appeal. In many occasions in the modern era the courts have repudiated a military action and demanded that the president bring the troops home. For instance, recent events during President Bush’s war on terror on 24th June 2004 the Supreme Court released three decisions concerning individual seen as enemy combatants and held in military custody. The cases of Rumsfeld verses Padilla and Hamdi verses Rumsfeld was about indefinite detention of Americans by virtue of their citizenship were not subject to military tribunals that Bush established to try foreign nationals suspected of committing or   planning to commit terror attacks against united states. The third case was Rasul verses Bush bore right of the federal government to hold indefinitely noncitizens at Guantanamo Bay, Cub a. Justice John Paul struck down the military provisions that lacked resource to civilian courts by ruling that the U.S District Court did have jurisdictional authority to hear petitions of habeas corpus since U.S exercises sovereignty over Guantanamo Bay. It allowed the detainees to legally challenge their detention but did not compel the administration to either try them or release them. In July 2006 the Supreme Court issued its most sweeping indictment of the president’s war on terror where Chief Justice Roberts in the appeal struck down in 3-5 ruling the president’s military tribunal system. Congress has denied the president the legislative authority to create military commissions of the kind the issue here. Breyer concluded that nothing prevents the presidents from returning to congress to seek the authority necessary. According to Justice Kennedy’s opinion, congress prescribed these limits on presidential power hence it can change them. The administration accepted this and worked with congress on drafting military tribunal legislation. On 16th 2006 congress enacted the Military commissions Act of 2006 that validates the use of military commissions to prosecute foreign terrorist suspect and clarifies interrogation techniques that CIA can use on the detainees. Also, example is that President Bush spent months trying to woo Congress, the American public and the United Nations behind a military invasion toppled the Hussein regime and advance democracy in the region. From the administration’s vantage point was overwhelming and the need for action was clear. This resulted in a wide range of reactions in the halls of Congress to Bush’s initiative. Republicans came out in support thereby endorsing the president’s prerogative to define both the nature of the problem and the course of corrective action. In a speech on the Senate floor, John Ensign made the argument for action and the urgency of rallying behind the president, most forcefully that there is a time for all things, (William H and Jon P pg12-33) Reasons why is conflict inevitable between Congress and President The Constitution does not envision a master-servant relationship between the President and Congress. The framers of the document took cared for a system of government in which there is a balance of powers and extensive checks and balances between them. The President is entitled to recommend legislation, his agenda depends to a considerable degree on his skill of convincing members of Congress to follow his lead as he cannot dictate Congress what he wants. He faces a huge task in communicating with Congress because of its size and diversity. One of the instruments of persuasion is the presidential veto.   With an overtly combative stance, a President can bend Congress to his will. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin D. Roosevelt for example devised the model of the expansive, activist modern presidency. He set the national agenda and had behind him the vast knowledge and expertise of the federal bureaucracy. In the media-driven age, he spoke with one voice, as against the man y of Congress, making it easier for him to command the attention of the cameras. . (Lee H pg1) The relationship between Congress and the President lies at the core of our system of government since under the Constitution, tension and struggle between these rivals for power is inevitable. The framers did not set out to promote gridlock between President and Congress even if they did intend that conflicting opinions in society, it should be considered carefully before government takes action. It is a dynamic relationship, changing with every issue, every event. Sometimes it is cordial and cooperative while at times it is hostile and polarized. Congresses and Presidents find a way to work with each other, cooperating where possible and the nation's business gets done smoothly. The relationship between President and Congress tumultuous as it is, safeguards the people from corruption of power and abuse of authority by either side. (Lee H pg1)

E-commerce Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

E-commerce - Research Paper Example The second exercise is on the comparison of online prices across the four major supermarket chains across UK and the prices of all the items have been compared to understand whether certain supermarkets are generally cheaper than certain others. Tesco and Asda have been found to be in general cheaper than Sainsbury's and Waitrose although further research in this area would be required to provide any conclusive evidence in this matter. The report however can definitely suggest that considering the lowered prices of online goods, more consumers would prefer to buy goods online in the coming years and online or internet shopping will definitely become more successful in the future. The expenditure for the week given is at 51 which would be slightly higher than the normal expenditure as the DVD, and Women's shoes amounting to 20.99 + 17.99 that is 38.98 are extra items bought which are not usually bought every week. The usual or average weekly expenditure considering these items bought will only be at 12.02 although at this time it is above 50. The expenditure for this week involves goods and items as diverse as washing powder, soft drink, women's shoes, mixed vegetables, ice cream, DVD, and red wine. ... The report however can definitely suggest that considering the lowered prices of online goods, more consumers would prefer to buy goods online in the coming years and online or internet shopping will definitely become more successful in the future. Keywords: Market price, online price, supermarkets, internet shopping, listed items. I - Summary of expenditure showing item, brand, size and cost and comments on how this would differ from average or normal expenditure Item Date Brand Size Cost Monday Washing powder 16-10-06 Ariel 1 kg 1.47 Tuesday Women's shoes 17-10-06 M&S 5 20.99 Wednesday Soft Drink 18-10-06 Coca Cola 2ltr 2.18 Thursday Mixed Vegetables 19-10-06 Tesco 500g .90 Friday Vanilla ice cream 20-10-06 Walls 2ltr 2.64 Saturday Red wine 21-10--06 Marquez de chive 75cl 4.83 Sunday DVD 22-10-06 Sainsbury's n/a 17.99 Total: 51.00 The expenditure for the week given is at 51 which would be slightly higher than the normal expenditure as the DVD, and Women's shoes amounting to 20.99 + 17.99 that is 38.98 are extra items bought which are not usually bought every week. The usual or average weekly expenditure considering these items bought will only be at 12.02 although at this time it is above 50. The expenditure for this week involves goods and items as diverse as washing powder, soft drink, women's shoes, mixed vegetables, ice cream, DVD, and red wine. The DVD and women's shoes as we have identified are some of the items that I wouldn't usually buy and can be considered as 'extra items' for the week. However these items seem to have raised the expenditure dramatically. II - Summary of expenditure showing item, brand, size and cost for online

The war on terror Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The war on terror - Essay Example It felt very terrible and painful. I learnt that the current war on terror must be continued and every possible attempt must not be left to hunt down any terrorists who do not respect human values and human lives. Additionally, terrorists consider it reasonable and acceptable to kill someone on the basis that he or she has an American nationality or someone belongs to a particular religion. Although it is very financially painful to bear the cost burden of maintaining American or NATO troops in Afghanistan, what I believe that the sane leaders of the world have no choice but to stay their wipe out the heavens of terror. Most effective revision I revised the topic ‘Propaganda’. In this topic, the use and application of propaganda are greatly discussed and analyzed. First, I narrowly read this concept and submitted. However, it did not work. I was asked to revise the paper to provide some relevant but authentic references to the points that I initially did not provide in t he assignment. While revising this paper, I realized that the work of revision has provided me some greater and deeper understanding of the use of propaganda in different political and non-political events.

Essay --

Phillips, of the Netherlands and Matsushita, of Japan are both companies that focus on electrical technology. With their prominence being located in the consumer electronics industry, it is important to note that the world as a whole is moving towards a more technological focus. As the world is moving in the direction of a more technological society with the consumer electronics industry growing, it was suitable for both Phillips and Matsushita to expand their horizons and operate internationally. The growing demand of technology requires a need for companies to operate on a global scale. Moreover, companies also find foreign operation as a means of cutting costs while still producing quality products through the use of outsourcing. The ultimate financial goes is to meet the needs of a market and generate a profitable turn in the process, which is accessible through foreign commerce. Were both Phillips and Matsushita to decide to stay local, they would quickly lose profit to a large r corporation that is driving to meet the global needs of its consumers and eventually be bought out or simply go bankrupt. Phillips built its success on a worldwide portfolio of responsive national organizations. The company chose to utilize a localization strategy. This means that they focused on altering the properties and characteristics of their product’s to suit the foreign market’s language, political, legal, and cultural differences. In order to concentrate on local responses, they used highly self-sufficient national organizations but further on adopted a strategy of having each singular product be limited to one specialized division. Matsushita on the other hand, built its success on its centralized, highly efficient operations in Japan. Un... ...al for the companies to have all of their resources be independent, rather than relying on other aid through outsourcing. Ultimately, each of these corporations within the consumer electronics industry have come a long way. They have survived in a business society that has readily evolved and moved towards a whole new era of technology. It is still imperative that corporations do business internationally on a global scale in order to better meet the need of consumers within their industry. However, the ways of doing this have altered with a number of strategic possibilities. Phillips and Matsushita each incorporated a different strategy from one another, with each seeing its profits and downfalls. As the economy and industry have evolved, so must Phillips and Matsushita in order to maintain a stance of being a power player within the consumer electronics industry.

Attachment †Psychology Essay

Developmental Psychology Early Social Development: Attachment Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ An emotional bond between two people. It is a two-way  process that endures over time. It leads to certain  behaviours such as clinging and proximity-seeking and  serves the function of protecting the infant. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Primary attachment figure ï  ® The person who has formed the closest bond with a child,demonstrated by the intensity of the relationship. Usually  the biological mother, but other people can fulfil the role. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Learning theory ï  ® A group of explanations which explain behaviour in terms  of learning rather than any innate or higher order  tendencies. Mainly used by behaviourists who rather focus  their explanations purely on what behaviour they observe. Learning Theory ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) Unconditioned Stimulus (US) – food ↓ Unconditioned Response (UR) – pleasure ↓ Neutral Stimulus (NS) – the feeder ↓ Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – food from a feeder ↓ Conditioned Response (CR) – pleasure/attachment Learning Theory ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Operant Conditioning ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Reinforcement ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ When doing something results in a pleasant  consequence, the behaviour is more likely to be produced. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Punishment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ When doing something results in an unpleasant  consequence, the behaviour is unlikely to be produced. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Dollard and Miller (1950) explain attachment using operant conditioning: ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ When an infant is fed it reduces discomfort and increases pleasure, this serves as a reward and is the primary reinforcer. The person supplying the food is associated  with avoiding discomfort and is the source of reward which  becomes the secondary reinforcer. Attachment occurs  because the child seeks the person who supplies the  reward. Evaluating the Learning Theory ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Strengths It can provide adequate explanations of how attachments form. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Behaviourists argue that since we are made up of the same building blocks of stimulus/response environments experiments done on animals are safe to generalize to human behaviour. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Weakness ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ It may be attention and responsiveness from the caregiver that is the primary reinforcer, not food. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Learning theory is largely based on studies with non-human animals. Human behaviour may be similar in many ways but learning theory does not consider higher order thinking and emotions that can influence behaviour. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Harlow (1959) demonstrated that it is not food but the level of contact and comfort the infant receives that increases attachment levels. The use of young rhesus monkeys were used to demonstrate this. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ 60 babies were studied in Glasgow and found that attachment was higher to the person who was most responsive and who interacted with them more (Schaffer and Emerson,1964). ï  ® ï  ® Cant explain the importance of sensitivity in attachment. Bowlby’s Attachment Theory (1969) ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ ELEMENTS OF BOWLBY’S ATTACHMENT THEORY: ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Attachment is adaptive and innate ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Bowlby’s theory is an evolutionary theory because it sees attachment as a behaviour that adds to its survival and  ultimately its reproductive value. Having attachment  capabilities is an innate drive, similar to imprinting, that has long term benefits ensuring it stays close to its caregiver. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Background on the Theory of Evolution ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Adaptive behaviours are behaviours that increase the  likelihood of survival and reproduction. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Natural selection is the continuation of these adaptive traits within the animal to increase chances of survival. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Sexual selection is the ability to reproduce, not just survive. Adaptive genes that lead to possessing traits to assist in  reproduction increases sexual selection. Bowlby’s Attachment Theory ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Sensitive Period ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ A biologically determined period of time during the second quarter of the first year is the most crucial period in which attachments can be made. Once missed then it is more difficult for a child to make attachments and demonstrate social difficulties. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Caregiving is adaptive ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Not only attachment but also caregiving is adaptively innate. Social releasers from the infant give signals to the caregiver (smiling, crying, etc) to take care of it. Attachment is the innate system in babies and caregiving is the innate system in adults. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Secure base ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Having a secure attachment provides a child with a secure base in which to explore the world from. It fosters independence, not dependence. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Monotropy and hierarchy ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Infants form a number of different attachments but has one particular bias towards a very special one called the primary attachment, this is called monotropy. Even with secondary attachments, this hierarchy of attachments recognizes the importance of a primary attachment figure (PAF). The PAF is one that responds most sensitively to the childs social releasers. Secondary attachments are important, without them, children tend to lack social skills. Bowlby’s Attachment Theory ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Internal working model ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ A mental model of the world that enables individuals to predict and control their environment. The internal  working model based on attachment has several  consequences: ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ In the short-term it gives the child insight into the caregivers behaviour and enables the child to influence  the caregivers behaviour so that a true partnership can be formed. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ In the long-term it acts as a template for all future relationships because it generates expectations about  how people behave. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The continuity hypothesis ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The idea that emotionally secure infants go on to be  emotionally secure, trusting and socially confident adults. Evaluating Attachment Theory ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Strengths ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Lorenz (1952) supports that imprinting is innate as the goslings imprinted on the first thing they saw moving, which was Lorenz. Research shows that once the sensitive period has passed and no attachments are formed, children display social difficulties with peers. If attachment and caregiving are an important biological function as Bowlby suggests then they would be found universally. Tronick et al (1992) studied an African tribe in Zaire and found despite tribal responsibility for raising kids a PAF is present. This is also evidence of monotropy. Schaffer and Emerson found that the more quickly a caregiver responded to a childs needs and the more interaction they had led to a stronger level of attachment. This interaction is important as it is not enough to have something to cuddle but to actually be cuddled back builds a stronger attachment. The Minnesota longitudinal study (2005) found that continuity between early attachment and later emotional/social behaviour. Infants classified as secure were later rated highest for social competence, less isolated, more empathetic and more popular. Evaluating Attachment Theory ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Weaknesses ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Multiple attachments, according to psychologists, are as equally important. There are no primary or secondary  attachments, all attachments are integrated into one single  working model. However, a review the research points to the  hierarchical model as being predominant (Prior and Glaser, ï  ® 2006). An alternative explanation to the continuity hypothesis exists, known as the temperament hypothesis. This is the belief that children form secure attachments simply because they have a more ‘easy’ temperament from birth, whereas more innately difficult children a more likely to form insecure attachments. The infants temperamental characteristics shapes a mothers level of responsiveness. Thomas and Chess (1977) identified infant personality types as easy, difficult and slow-to-warm-up. Belsky and Rovine (1987) found a link between physiological behaviours and later attachments types. The more calm and less anxious (aspects of temperament) an infant was the more likely they were to develop secure attachments. Types of Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The Strange Situation (Ainsworth and Wittig, 1969) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU Aim: to see how infants behave under situations of stress  with the introduction of a stranger and the separation of  the parent. This tests stranger anxiety and separation  anxiety and also the infants willingness to explore with its secure base. Procedure: a 9Ãâ€"9 research room marked off into 16 squares  was used. The procedure consists of 8 episodes†¦ MEMORISE THEM!!! Data is collected by a group of observers that recorded  what the infant was doing every 15 seconds. Observer  noted the type of behaviour and level of intensity on a  scale of 1-7. Types of Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The Strange Situation Findings: ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Ainsworth  combined data from several studies to  make 106 middle-class infants observed. Similarities and differences were found in the way  the infants behaved. In terms of similarities, it was  noted that episode 2 onwards exploratory  behaviour decreased while crying increased. Proximity-seeking and contact-maintaining  increased during separation and when stranger  appeared. Finally, contact-resisting and proximityavoiding behaviours rarely occurred towards the caregiver prior to separation. Types of Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The Strange Situation Findings: ï  ® Ainsworth found differences in three main types of children. ï  ® ï  ® Insecure-avoidant: this is a style of attachment characterising those children that tend to avoid social interaction and intimacy with others. ï  ® ï  ® Secure attachment: this is a strong and contented attachment of an infant to his or her caregiver which develops as a result of sensitive responding by the caregiver to the infants needs. Insecure-resistant: this is a style of ambivalent attachment characterising  children who both seek and reject intimacy and social interaction. Main and Solomon (1986) re-analysed the strange situation video tapes and created a fourth attachment type: ï  ® Insecure-disorganised: these infants lack a coherent and consistent strategy for dealing with the stress of separation. Secure % of infants (Ainsworth, 1978) % of infants (Van Ijzendoorn et , 1999) Insecure avoidant Insecure resistant Insecure disorganised 66% 22% 12% XXX 62% 15% 9% 15% Evaluating Types of Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Strengths ï  ® Ainsworth’s Strange Situation technique has given psychologists a means to understand and study attachment which can lead to new future findings. ï  ® Intervention strategies have been developed to strengthen caregiving behaviour and attachments types. The Circle of Security Project (Cooper et al, 2005) which teaches caregivers to recognise signs of distress showed a decrease in disordered caregiving and an increase in secure attachment types. It has proven to be experimentally valid as its construct validity has been demonstrated by other studies supporting the four types of attachments and its predictive validity has been demonstrated in correlations between early attachment types and later behaviours. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Its findings are also consistent which makes them reliable. Using interobserver reliablity methods, Ainsworth found almost perfect agreement at . 94 between the raters (1.0 is perfect). ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Weakness ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Or does it lack validity, because it is intended to measure the attachment type of an infant, BUT does it really simply measure the quality of a particular relationship? Main and Weston (1981) claim it is measuring one relationship instead of something innate within an individual. ï  ® Evaluating Types of Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Effects of attachment types ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Bowlby’s continuity hypothesis would predict that a child’s behaviour later in life would be effected by specific attachment types they develop. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Prior and Glaser (2006) found that in later childhood, if as infants they developed a secure attachment type, they would  be less emotionally dependent and possess more  interpersonal harmony. Infants with the other three types  would be more aggressive, negative withdrawn in later  childhood. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ It would also effect you in your adult romantic lives as well. Hazen and Shaver (1987) conducted the ‘Love Quiz’ which  asked questions about early experiences and current love  experiences and found that there were characteristic  patterns of later romantic behaviour associated with each  early attachment type. Evaluating Types of Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Factors that influence attachment type ï  ® Sensitivity ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Ainsworth developed the Maternal Sensitivity Scale to rate mothers’ behaviour such as sensitivity and insensitivity to infants signals. The scale found: Securely  attached infant Observed  Mothers bx ï  ® ï  ® Insecurely attached infant Avoidant infant Resistant infant  more sensitive,  cooperating Unresponsive to  crying less  affectionate More rejecting and  less attention  giving Preoccupied with  routine activities when  holding infant Maternal reflective functioning ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Some studies have shown low correlations between measures of sensitivity and strength of attachment. Slade et al (2005) found the ability to understand what someone else is thinking or feeling may be more important. Temperament ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ May play a role as previous research indicates, but it is unclear. Cultural Variations in Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ KNOW the definitions of culture, cultural variations and the difference between individualistic and collectivistic cultures (pg.45) ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Cross-cultural Similarities ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Ainsworth’s Uganda study (1967) ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Tronick et al (1992) study on the African tribe in Zaire ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Fox (1977) infants in Isreali kibbutz raised by  nurses when tested in the Strange Situation  appeared equally attached to both caregivers,  except in the reunion behaviour where they  showed greater attachment to their mothers. Cultural Variations in Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Cross-cultural Differences ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants appear more insecurely attached rather than secure. This may be due to the different childrearing practices as German culture involves keeping some interpersonal distance from the parent and infant. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Takahashi (1990) used the Strange Situation on a group of 60 middle-class infants in Japan and found similar rates of secure attachment. However, the infants showed no evidence of insecure-avoidant and high rates of insecureresistance (32%). Different childrearing practices can explain the difference for in Japan the infants are rarely ever separated from their parents which is why they would be more distressed than their American counterparts. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Conclusions ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ These studies suggest that the strongest attachments are still formed with their mothers and that there are differences in attachment that can be related to differences in cultural attitudes. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Meta-analysis study by Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) examined over 2000 Strange Situation classification studies in 8 countries. They found the variation between countries and culture were small with secure attachment being the most common in all countries followed by insecure-avoidant except in Japan and Israel. Variations within cultures however were greater. In conclusion the findings appear to be similar to that found in the US and this supports the view that attachment is an innate and biological process. Also data collected on different subcultures should not be generalised to be representative of a particular culture. Criticisms of Research on Cultural Variations ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Culture bias ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Rothbaum et al (2000) argued that attachment theory and  research is not relevant to other countries because it is rooted in American culture. For example, the sensitivity hypothesis reflects western ideas of autonomy whereas in Japan sensitivity is about promoting dependence. The continuity hypothesis states that  secure infant attachments create more competent adults, however, this ‘competence’ is defined in terms of individuation. The secure base hypothesis in the west explains secure attached infants as independent and confident exploring whereas in Japan they  promote dependence and the concept of amae and so this can  explain why insecure-resistant behaviours are more typical. Rothbaum concludes that psychologists should produce a set of indigenous theories that are explanations of attachment that are rooted in individual cultures with a small group of universal principles (infant need for protection) but mostly with childcare practices relating to cultural values. Rothbaum was challenged by Posada and Jacobs (2001) which shows that attachment theory does apply to most cultures. Criticisms of Research on Cultural Variations ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Criticisms of cross-cultural research ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Tests  of procedures used may not be equally valid  in the country and may make the culture appear  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœinferior’ or ‘abnormal’. This is an example of  imposed etic. This is when a research method is  used in one culture even thought it was designed to  be used in another (intelligence tests or observations). ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The group that was tested may not be  representative of the culture and yet researchers  might make generalisations about the whole culture  or even the whole country. Disruption of Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Effects of Separation ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Spitz and Wolf (1946) observed 100 children in an institution became severely depressed after a few months. Skeels and Dye (1939) found similar children scored lower on intelligence tests. Bifulo et al (1992) found that negative effects of deprivation may occur later in life. When 249 women who had lost their mothers before they were 17 were studied, it was found that they were twice as likely to develop depressive/anxiety disorders later in life. Robertsons (1967-73) made films observing the effects of separation in children: ï  ® ï  ® When given a high level of emotional care and similar structures to that of their home life, the children exhibited some signs of distress, however, slept well and did not reject their PAF when they were reunited. Some were even reluctant to part with the foster mother which is a sign of a good emotional bond. John, however, was in a nursery and not given such attention. He became withdrawn and gave up on proximity seeking bx. When he was reunited with his mother he rejected her for months and demonstrated outbursts of anger towards her. Disruption of Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Physical and Emotional Disruption ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ As the research evidence shows differences in the way physical and emotional attention is given can produce  negative effects in children. However, there are studies  that show these ill effects can be reversed. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Sigvardsson (1979) studied over 600 adopted children in Sweden and at the age of eleven, 26% of them were  classified as ‘problem children’. However in a follow up study, ten years later they were no worse off than the  average population. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ So when alternative emotional care is provided, ill effects of separation can be reversed. However, for some  children disruption of attachment leads to permanent  difficulties. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ To criticise the validity of the research consider that they are based on case studies. Weakness of case studies are  that they are based on generalisations and they depend on  objectivity of the observers and are prone to observer bias. Failure to Form Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Isolated children ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Privation is the lack of having any attachments due to the failure to develop such attachments early in life. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Genie ï  ® ï  ® The Czech twins ï  ® ï  ® Locked in a room by her father until she was 13. When discovered she could not stand erect or speak. She was disinterested in people and never recovered socially. Locked away by their step-mother until the age of 7. Were looked after by their sisters and by 14 had normal social and intellectual capabilities. By 20 they had above average intelligence and excellent social skills. Evaluation ï  ® Was unclear whether or not Genie was retarded at birth or if she ever formed an attachment with her mother. The Czech twins may have formed attachments to each other to compensate for complete lack of care. It is difficult to reach firm conclusions based on only these cases. Failure to Form Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Institutional Care ï  ® ï  ® Multiple studies show that the effects of institutionalisation within children is acute distress. Longitudinal studies have been conducted to see what long term effects are caused by institutionalisation. ï  ® ï  ® Hodges and Tizard (1989) followed a group of 65 British children from early life to adolescence. Children have been place in an institution from before they were 4 months old. Children have not yet formed attachments at this age. An early study found that 70% of the children were not able to care deeply for anyone. The children were assessed regularly up to the age of 16. Some children remained while most were adopted or restored with their original families. The restored children were less likely to develop an attachment with their mothers but the adopted ones were as closely attached to their adopted parents as the control group. However, both groups had problems with peers and showed signs of disinhibited attachment. These findings suggest that early privation had negative effects on the ability to form relationships even when given good subsequent emotional care. If failure to develop attachments after the sensitive period occur it can have an irreversible effect on emotional development. Failure to Form Attachment ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Effects of Privation and Institutionalisation ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Attachment disorder ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ This has been recognised as a psychiatric condition and has been included in the DSMIV. There are two kinds of attachment disorder, inhibited and disinhibited. Children with an attachment disorder have no PAF, cant interact or relate to others before the age of 5 and have experienced severe neglect or frequent changes in caregivers. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Poor parenting skills ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Harlow’s monkeys that were raised with surrogate mothers went on to become poor parents. Also, Quinton et al (1984) found similar findings when he compared 50 women who had been raised in institutions. When the women were in their 20’s the ex-institutionalised mothers were experiencing extreme difficulties acting as parents. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Deprivation dwarfism ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Physical evidence by Gardner (1972) that institutionalised children are physically underdeveloped, potentially caused by stress hormones. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Evaluation ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ In the study of Romanian children, one-third recovered well despite not establishing a PAF prior to the sensitive period. Therefore, privation alone cannot explain negative outcomes. This suggests that damage occurs when there are multiple risk factors (Turner and Lloyd, 1995). ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Not sure if the children failed to form attachments early in life. Maybe they did and the problems they experienced later were more related to rejection. Impact of Day Care ï  ® ï  ® Day Care – the form of temporary care not given by the family or someone well known to the child and usually outside of the home. Social development – the aspect of a child’s growth concerned with the development of sociability, where the child learns to relate to others and with the process of socialisation, the child learns social skills appropriate to the society. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Negative effects on social development ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Meta-analysis from findings of 88 studies supports Bowlby’s research that prolonged separation from the PAF leads to maladjustment. Violata and Russell (1994) concluded that regular day care for more than 20 hrs a week had an unmistakable negative effect on socio-emotional development, behaviour and attachment of young children. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ NICHD in USA conducted a longitudinal study of over 1000 children. Parents were interviewed regarding the effects of regular day care. The study showed  that the more time a child spent in day care, regardless of quality, the adults rated them as more disobedient and aggressive (NICHD, 2003). The children in day care were 3 times more likely to demonstrate behavioural problems than children that were cared by their mothers. Melhuish (2004) found evidence that children with high levels of day care in the first two years of development had elevated risks of developing anti-social behaviours. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The Minnesota longitudinal study demonstrated the more securely attached infants are the more popular with peers they become. So therefore, the more insecure an infant, more peer related problems could be expected. Belsky and Rovine (1988) assessed attachment in children in day care and found that were more likely to be insecurely attached compared to children at home. Impact of Day Care ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Positive effects on social development ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Good day care provides plenty of social stimulation, whereas, children living at home may lack social interactions. Brown and Harris (1978) found depressed mothers contributed  their low moods to being isolated at home with children. Depressed mothers are likely to form insecure attachments with their children which would have a negative effect on their children. Therefore, the independence gained with having a child in day care is a way to prevent this. Clarke-Stewart et al (1994) studied 150 children and found they were consistently more compliant and independent. The EPPE followed 3000 children in pre-schools and found increased sociability (Sylvia et al, 2003). Day care exposes children to their peers thus enabling them to develop social strategies (negotiate and make friends). Field (1991) found a positive correlation between the amount of time in day care and the number of friends children have once they enter school. Also, those that started day care before 6 months were more sociable than those that started later. Evaluating Research on Day Care ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Weaknesses of research on day care ï  ® When evaluating the research, one must consider the circumstances under which one can find positive or negative outcomes. ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Prodromidis (1995) found no correlation between Swedish children in day care and aggression. Freidman from NICHD explains the aggression study actually shows that day care children may be more aggressive than non-day care, but still 83% of children in day care between 10 -30 hours a week show no signs of aggression. Second important finding from the NICHD research is that the mothers sensitivity to the child, higher maternal education and income all play a more important role in decreased behavioural problems than the amount of time in day care. Finally, the findings are not causal. The data cannot show that day care caused aggression only that there is a link between the two. Therefore, the data suggests that childrens development is more strongly affected by factors at home than those in day care (Belsky et al, 2007). Evaluating Research on Day Care ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Weaknesses of Research on Day Care ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Cannot apply a cause relating to peer relations as  well, only a link. For example, shy and unsociable children have mothers that are shy and  unsociable, therefore, its possible that more  outgoing parents/children that go to day care. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ A lot of research supports the idea that day care  alone has no direct effect on development and  that there are other factors involved. Gregg et al  (2005) analysed findings from the Children of the  90’s study and concluded that for the majority of  children, maternal employment in their first 3  years of life had no adverse effects on behaviour. Evaluating Research on Day Care ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Mediating Factors ï  ® Quality of Care ï  ® ï  ® Individual Differences ï  ® ï  ® As the quality of care decreases it is expected that the attachment type will become poorer. NICHD study (1997) found that low-quality care was associated with poor social development. As parents have different interests in their child, day care staff are less invested and therefore provide a different kind of attention. This is reflected in Howes and Hamilton (1992) findings  that secure attachments  occurred in only 50% of day care staff but 70% in mothers. The NICHD study found the more secure a child’s attachment level is the better they cope with time spent in day care. However, another study showed that insecure children coped better than secure children (showed more aggressive bx) in day care. Child’s age and number of hours ï  ® ï  ® Gregg et al (2005) found that negative effects were more likely to be found in children starting day care before 18 months of age. However, the magnitude of these effects was small. Clarke-Stewart et al (1994) found no difference in attachment between spending a lot of time in day care (more than 30 hours) with those that spend a little time (less than 10 hours). Implications of Research into Attachment and Day care ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Attachment Research ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Attachment research has shown that when separation occurs, negative effects of this separation can be avoided if substitute emotional care can be provided and links to the PAF are made available. This research has changed the way hospitals handle visiting arrangements and the way institutional care is provided. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ A second implication is the way the adoptions process is managed allowing babies to be adopted earlier strengthening child/parent attachments (Singer, 1985). ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Another implication is the improvement of parenting skills, ie, Circle of Security, which improves infant/mother relationships. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Finally, attachment research has been used to improve day care quality focusing on the importance of secondary attachment figures. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Day Care Research ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ As research shows, high quality care leads to positive outcomes. What is highquality care? ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Low child-staff ratios – 3:1 is ideal for sensitive care to be given ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Minimal staff turnover – allows for consistent care and decreases anxiety ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Sensitive emotional care – only 23% of carers demonstrated highly sensitive care, 50% was moderate care and 20% were emotionally detached. ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Qualified staff – qualified managers lead to better social development ï  ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ To ensure high-quality care, legal standards are implemented relating to staff ratio to age of the child, minimum qualifications of staff, Ofsted inspections and finally the sure Start programme.

Crime And Juvenile And Adult Crimes - 1019 Words

In today’s criminal justice system in the United States, there is a lot of dispute between what the qualifications are for juvenile and adult crimes. Some believe that the only difference is age. Others say it is the severity of the crime. It’s obvious that when adults commit crimes, whether they are a misdemeanor offense or a felony, they pay for it. The confliction comes when a juvenile commits a crime. What exactly determines if they are tried as an adult or a juvenile? Does it vary by state-to-state? Are there federal laws that govern that debate? There have been cases where children have been tried in a court of law as an adult. So what exactly is the clear cut reason why juveniles are tired sometimes as adults, and other times as juveniles? So what exactly is a crime to begin with? According to dictionary.com, crime is defined as â€Å"an action or an instance of negligence that is deemed injurious to the public welfare or morals or to the interests of the state and that is legally prohibited.† (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/crime?s=t). People of all ages commit a crime. The crimes that people commit can range from shoplifting to murder. But what happens when a juvenile commits one of these crimes? First, let’s cover what a juvenile is. According to (http://www.hg.org/juvenile-crime-law.html), â€Å"Minors under the age of 18 years, who commit a crime, or otherwise violate established rules and statutes, are identified as juvenile delinquents, juvenile offenders,Show MoreRelatedJuvenile Delinquency : A Strong Predictor Of Adult Crime856 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Juvenile delinquency is a strong predictor of adult criminality. Therefore, professionals aiming to reduce overall crime can benefit by seeking preventative and early intervention methods with troubled youth. This article seeks to address the â€Å"psychosocial and psychopathological risk factors as predictors of adult criminal outcomes† (Aebi et al., 2013). The design of the study replicates an older longitudinal study performed by Zurich Adolescent Psychology and Psychopathological StudyRead More Juvenile Offenders Should be Tried as Adults for Violent Crimes544 Words   |  3 Pagescommitting violent crimes, the question of whether they should be tried as adults has arisen. Children as young as 13 or 14 are committing violent crimes such as murder, rape, and armed robbery. Some of these children are being tried as adults while others are being tried as juveniles and receiving milder punishments. A juvenile offender may receive a few years in a juvenile detention facility a nd possibly probation following his release at age eighteen. An adult committing the same violent crime will receiveRead MoreIncarceration in An Adult Prison Increases Juvenile Crime Essay1751 Words   |  8 Pagestowards juvenile delinquency. Today juvenile law is governed by state and many states have enacted a juvenile code. However, in numerous cases, juveniles are transferred to adult court when juvenile courts waive or relinquish jurisdiction. Adolescents should not be tried in the adult court system or sentenced to adult penitentiarys on account of: teen brains are not mature which causes a lack of understanding towards the system, incarceration in an adult facility increases juvenile crime, and childrenRead MoreJuveniles Treated Like Adults Essays1330 Words   |  6 PagesEveryday a vast number of brutal crimes occur somewhere in America. Teens as young as thirteen commit murder, rape, and burglary to an extent. What can be done about it? The best answer I can think of is to treat juveniles like adults. They have just as much responsibility and knowledge of their actions just as adults do, so they deserve the same punishment if they commit the same crime. Believe it or not, teens commit the same level of crimes that adults commit. Crimes will get even worse in the futureRead MoreEssay on Juveniles Tried as Adults843 Words   |  4 PagesFinal : Question #1 A juvenile being tried as an adult is a very sensitive and controversial issue over the past years. There has been a significant increase in the number of juvenile offenders being tried in adult courts for serious crimes. Juveniles should be tried as adults depending on the seriousness of the crime that they commit. There are many factors that contribute to juvenile courts and to what extent a juvenile should be tried as an adult. The juvenile justice system was intendedRead MoreJuvenile Offenders Are Not Charged With Crimes968 Words   |  4 Pages Juvenile offenders are not charged with crimes; they are charged with delinquent acts. To determine whether or not a juvenile should be charged as an adult would be dependent upon what the juvenile was charged with (NCJRS Abstract- National Criminal Justice Reference Service,† n.d.). Juveniles who commit violent offenses to the extent that it labels the juvenile themselves as violent, should be charged as an adult. These types of offenses would include rape, murder, or any aggravated crimesRead MoreJuveniles Should Be Legal For Adult Courts1528 Words   |  7 Pagesor not juveniles should receive waivers to adult court. There are three methods that are used to transfer a juvenile to adult court. Juvenile waiver, statutory exclusion, and Concurrent Jurisdiction are the three different methods used to transfer a juvenile to adult court. Statutory exclu sion is when the juvenile is transferred immediately to the adult court. Concurrent Jurisdiction is when the juvenile may be tried as an adult and a juvenile at once. Throughout all three methods juvenile waiverRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And The Adult Courts For Trial1102 Words   |  5 Pages Tennessee, like many other states, has provisions, provided for in the state laws, for the transfer of juvenile offenders to the adult courts for trial. The youth court has to follow the procedures, which are outlined in the statute, to include the minimum age of a juvenile, who is to be transferred to the adult courts, and the specific crimes for which such a transfer may take place. While I recognize, as the United States Supreme Court did in Roper v. Simmons, (2005), that children are immatureRead MoreProsecuting Juveniles In Adult Court1510 Words   |  7 PagesProsecuting Juveniles in Adult Court Kimberly Washington Introduction to Statistics for Criminal Justice Ayana Conway, Ph.D., Assistant Professor September 30, 2013 Abstract This research paper will examine whether or not juveniles that commit violent crimes should be tried as an adult. Through research, I will establish an argument that children who commit the crimes of an adult should be punished as an adult. Data based on experience and observation detailing the number of juvenile offendersRead MoreJuvenile Crimes1247 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile crime is a growing problem that endangers virtually every American. Juvenile delinquency is enormously damaging to the health and well-being of the nations families and communities. A juvenile crime can consist of DUI, robbery, rape, minor in possession, weapon in possession anything an adult can be charged with. Individuals under the age of eighteen who commit these crimes can be charged as a juvenile delinquent. Statistics show that most juveniles that commit crimes are in a gang; weather